Physical Activity by Far Provides the Greatest Demand for Energy Essay Example for Free

Physical Activity by Far Provides the Greatest Demand for Energy Essay Physical activity by far provides the greatest demand for energy. Discuss how the intensity and duration of the exercise period and the relative contributions of the body’s means for energy transfer affect performance. In your answer mention availability of O2, food fuels used, energy threshold points, enzyme control and how the fitness of the participant affect performance. 20 marks Intensity is how hard you work for and duration is the length of time you exercise for. The energy continuum is used to show how the energy systems interact, to provide energy for the resynthesis of ATP and highlights the predominance of each of the 3 energy systems related to duration and intensity of exercise. When we look at high intensity and short duration such as 100m sprinting or 1500m we say the exercise intensity is anaerobic. This is because it takes place without the presence of oxygen. This type of exercise will use ATP/PC and LA systems will be predominant systems. A threshold represents the point at which one energy system is over by another as predominant energy systems to provide the energy to resynthesis ATP. The ATP/PC also known as the alactic system has a duration of 3-10 seconds during high intensity activities. It takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell and produces 1ATP molecule with aid of the enzyme Creatine Kinase. This is why in activities such as the 100m sprint it is predominant as it is a short duration with high intensity. The Lactic acid system uses glucose as the energy source to produce ATP from ADT and Pi, through various processes (phosphorlation dehydration and cleavage). The whole system provides 2ATP molecules with the aid of the enzyme PFK, this system also takes place in the sacroplasm of the muscle cell. This system has a maximum duration of 3 minutes, as during this process pyruvate is produced eventually leading to a build up of lactic acid. Therefore this system is most predominant during activities such as the 1500m running. During the higher intensisty exercise, lactate production will start to accumulate above resting levels and this is termed the ‘lactate threshold’. When blood lactate levels reach 4mmol/l the exercise intensity is referred to as ‘ the onset of blood lactate accumulation’ (OBLA). At this point the production of lactate has exceeded the removal rate. OBLA will continue to increase if exercise intensity remains the same/ increases eventually causing muscle fatigue. During these 2 systems it is important to allow recovery time. This is because if OBLA is exceeded. The acidity of the blood rises. This will cause efficiency of enzymes to decrease and may even cause them to denature. If this were to occur there would be a decrease in break down of energy stores and rate at which the enzymes used of the resysnthes of ATP would also slow down. This would lead to a lack of energy and in turn lead to muscle fatigue. Enzyme control is therefore important as a decrease in blood pH leads to a decrease in performance due to the inhibition of enzymes. To uses these energy systems require the uses of carbohydrates as their food fuel. As a result lack of carbohydrate stores will lead to earlier on set of fatigue therefore decreasing the duration of time that you can continue to work at a high intensity. Training is used to delay the onset of OBLA; therefore the fitter you are the later the onset of fatigue. This will therefore enable you to train harder for longer. When considering medium to low intensity activities with long duration such as marathon running, we say the exercise intensity is aerobic as it is done in the presence of oxygen. The predominant energy system will be aerobic system. This system has three sub systems; Aerobic glycolisis, kerb cycle and electron transport chain. Glycolisis involves the phosphoration of glucose (which comes from carbohydrate stores) which makes the its more reactive. The phosphate molecules come from the conversion of ATP to ADP. During the 7 steps with in glycolisis a total of 2 ATP molecules we used and 4 produced with pyruvate as the by-product. During the kerb cycle Co enzyme A is used to stimulate the reaction between the reaction pyruvate to produce 2ATP molecules and the by-products carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This reaction takes place in the matrix of the cell. Finally the electron transport chain which uses the enzyme ATPsynthase. In the respiratory chain the hydrogen atoms from NADH gradually release all their energy to form ATP. In total the aerobic system produces 34molecules of ATP and has a duration of grater than 3 mins. This is the type of system that would be used for marathon running. When exercise intensity reaches a point that anaerobic energy systems cannot supply energy quick enough, it has to use the lactic acid system to continue to provide energy for the resysnthesis of ATP. During the aerobic system availability of oxygen need to be high otherwise the performer will not bale to maintain the same intensity for a long duration. Many athletes train at altitude for endurance events. This is because altitude training allows the body to naturally increase the number of red blood cells available in the blood. It must do this in order to supply working muscles with enough oxygen as the percentage of oxygen in the air at altitude is lower. This adaption will remain when returning to sea level. For this system to work efficiently it requires the both carbohydrate stores and fat stores. Carbohydrates are used first as they are easier to use. However with training your, you can make your body use fat stores earlier. This will have an advantage for long distance and endurance athletes as it allows them to train for a longer duration of time. Enzyme control should remain constant as there is little production of lactic acid as the Aerobic energy system is predomaniant. In conclusion there is never a point at which one energy system is being used, only points where on is more prominent than another. The energy continuum shows how the ratio of energy systems in use can vary between activates. It is also important to remember that energy system can only work efficiently if the have the correct availability to oxygen, the correct food stores, energy control is maintained and good fitness levels are maintained.

House Of The Seven Gables :: essays research papers fc

The House of the Seven Gables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"[The] sympathy or magnetism among human beings is more subtle and universal than we think; it exists, indeed, among different classes of organized life, and vibrates from one to another† (Hawthorne 178). Loosely based on the events of Hawthorne’s own life, The House of the Seven Gables attempts to show the suffering of descendants forced to repent for the sins of their â€Å"father†, while they are unknowingly renewing the curse by nurturing the ancestral greed that has passed through the generations (O’ Connor 6) . Thus the various themes of the novel reflect the central idea of continued sin through the greed and guilt of a declining family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each generation struggles to escape the sins of the past, only to be thrust forcefully back to face the offenses of their forefathers. The House of the Seven Gables is a tale of loneliness and greed caused by the sin of preceding generations. The opening of the novel is set in puritan times during the Salem witch hunts. The villainous Colonel Pyncheon wrongly accused the innocent Matthew Maule of witchcraft so that the Maule land would fall into the Pyncheon family’s hands. Upon his death, Maule â€Å"addressed [Colonel Pyncheon] from the scaffold, and uttered a prophecy...God will give him blood to drink† (Hawthorne 4-5) . The physical wrongdoing of Colonel Pyncheon against Matthew Maule was avenged at the former’s death, with the curse being fulfilled. However, the essence of the crime lived on through the generations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By chapter two, the focus of the novel has shifted to the modern generations of the Pyncheon family. The family has severely declined since the Colonel’s time, yet the curse of greed is as strong as ever. The remains of the family consist of a decrepit spinster named Hepzibah, now the caretaker of the house of the seven gables; her insane brother Clifford, who was just recently released from prison; their devilish cousin Judge Jaffrey, a man fixated upon his own greed; and their distant cousin Phoebe, the sunny country girl that will be their redemption. Also, the last surviving descendant of the Maule lineage, the handsome Holgrave Maule, resides at the house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a compilation by F.O. Matthiessen, it is stated that the â€Å"main theme was not the original curse on the house, but the curse that the Pyncheons have continued to bring upon themselves†. It is not Maule’s death which needs avenging, but the anguish caused by the Pyncheon family’s greed. â€Å"Lust for wealth has held the Pyncheon’ in its inflexible

No Place to call Home

No place to call Home You're on your way home from work or school and you stop at a red light. As you patiently wait for the light to glisten green you notice someone walking in between the rows of cars. It's not the usual person who's always selling water and random fruits; instead it's a person in raggedy clothes holding a sign that reads â€Å"Please help. I'm homeless† written on a cardboard flap. Now the question is what are you going to do? Will you reach into your wallet and give this poor soul a donation or will you retend to look for something in your car and act as though you cant see them?The sad truth is more than half of us would perform the second option without even realizing it. Homelessness has been around for a long time. No one seems to be doing anything about it and it's not because there isn't any way to fix it because there is we Just don't care enough to act on it. We could create more stabilized homeless shelters; improve the homeless organizations we h ave initiated, and expand and/or open up more Job opportunities for people in these types of situations.There's a big controversy with the way people perceive the homeless. A lot of people believe that they are homeless due to their own wrong-doings. Whether it is drugs, alcohol, gambling etc. which can be very true at times but that is not always the case. There are times when a person goes through a rough patch in life. They couldVe gotten fired from their Job, lost their house, or Just recently got a divorce. These things can also lead to homelessness. I suggest we put further effort into the present day homeless shelters.We could create hybrid homeless shelter that is not only a place for them to eat and sleep but doubles as a rehab center for those who have any type of addiction. Society has created organizations for a variety of different social issues. Some have more of an impact than others, regarding those created for the homeless; they have not made a grand impression and definitely need some improving. We need to make it broad and spread the word that everyone should donate.These organizations prevent the money from going directly to the homeless people and nsure that the money will go towards prevention and will not benefit their addictions in any way. The Job condition right now in the U. S is struggling and the employment rate is down. Without Jobs there is no cash flow and people tend to lose their houses, cars, etc. That is what results in so many people living on the streets. If we work to create more Jobs, or expand the Job opportunities we have now-a-days we can help homeless people off the streets due to the fact they will be earning a steady income and can get back on their feet.By adjusting the system of homeless shelters, enhancing the corporations that help collect funds for the homeless, and also developing and/or establishing Job openings we could decrease the percentage of people experiencing how it feels to be homeless. It may take a great deal of time and effort but when the person you once say standing on the street begging for money now has a place to eat, a bed to lie on, a place that they can call home, it is a huge sense of accomplishment. No Place to call Home By natuhleeeex3

Breath vs. Breathe How to Choose the Right Word

Breath and breathe are words that express the act of respiration—the inhalation and exhalation of atmospheric gases that are otherwise known as air. They also serve as significant metaphors for life and living and are used in a variety of other ways in addition to playing a central role in several well-known idioms. How to Use Breath The noun  breath (rhymes with Beth, a short e sound and an abrupt end in th) refers to the air that you take into and expel out from your lungs during respiration. It can also mean a puff of air or scent or a slight breeze. Figuratively, breath can mean a suggestion or small indication, or it can refer to a brief period of time or a moment of surprise. How to Use Breathe In contrast,  breathe (rhymes with seethe, a long e sound and a continuing the sound at the end) is a verb and means to take air into and push it back out of your lungs—that is, to inhale and exhale. Breathe  can also mean to say or utter (something), to blow softly (on something), or to take a brief rest before continuing.   Examples Breath is the modern version of the Middle English brà ¦th, which meant odor or exhalation to people living in Medieval England. Today breath is still a noun. Before she began singing, Hannah drew a deep breath.Your breath might smell of onions right after you eat them.Use the noun breath to talk about environmental conditions, as in Theres a breath of spring in the air today.Being able to hold your breath underwater is an important part of learning to swim. Breathe is the modern form of brethen, which was the verb form of brà ¦th. Today breathe is still a verb. Late at night, Stevie crept into the babys room just to hear her breathe.Breathe in that wonderful spring scent!Elizabeth uncorked the bottle of wine and left it on the counter to breathe.As long as I breathe, Ill love bagpipes is something that possibly only a few people have ever said. Common Idioms There are dozens of idioms used in English for breath and breathe. Breathing, in the sense of human respiration, is something we do between 12 and 30 times a minute, so perhaps its not surprising that its so often used as a metaphor for life and living, and the release of worry. Here are some of the most common for breath. Under ones breath: Muttered or spoken in a muted voice or whisper not intended to be heard.  Save your breath or dont hold or waste your breath: Don’t bother or waste your time.A breath of fresh air: Something or someone new or insightful.To take someone’s breath away: To surprise or shock someone.  To catch ones breath: To rest or take a brief break.  With bated breath: Waiting for the resolution of an important issue. And here are some common idioms for breathe: Dont breathe a word: Keep a specific secret.  To breathe down ones neck: To watch another persons actions in an overbearing way, physically stand too close to someone, or to loom, as a deadline.To breathe a sigh of relief: To be grateful for the release of worry at the end of a difficult situation.  To breathe freely: To be free of worry at the end of a difficult situation.  To breathe ones last: To die or pass away.To breathe life into: To reinvigorate or refresh with new ideas. How to Remember the Difference Choose breath, which ends abruptly, when you need a noun, a single inhalation, or a metaphor for life. Choose breathe, which ends with an e and has a sound that continues comparatively longer, when you need a verb, the action of respiration, or a metaphor for to live. Sources â€Å"Breath | Definition of Breath in English by Oxford Dictionaries.† Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries.ï » ¿Breathe | Definition of Breathe in English by Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries | English, Oxford Dictionaries.Sule, Kati. Language Tip of the Week: Breath vs Breathe. Macmillan Dictionary Blog, 2012.